dnspython
INTRODUCTION
dnspython is a DNS toolkit for Python. It supports almost all record
types. It can be used for queries, zone transfers, and dynamic
updates. It supports TSIG authenticated messages and EDNS0.
dnspython provides both high and low level access to DNS. The high
level classes perform queries for data of a given name, type, and
class, and return an answer set. The low level classes allow direct
manipulation of DNS zones, messages, names, and records.
To see a few of the ways dnspython can be used, look in the examples/
directory.
dnspython originated at Nominum where it was developed to facilitate
the testing of DNS software. Nominum has generously allowed it to be
open sourced under a BSD-style license, and helps support its future
development by continuing to employ the author :).
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
This is dnspython 1.8.0
New since 1.7.1:
Support for hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384
and hmac-sha512 has been contributed by Kevin Chen.
The tokenizer's tokens are now Token objects instead of (type,
value) tuples.
Bugs fixed since 1.7.1:
Escapes in masterfiles now work correctly. Previously they
were only working correctly when the text involved was part of
a domain name.
When constructing a DDNS update, if the present() method was
used with a single rdata, a zero TTL was not added.
The entropy pool needed locking to be thread safe.
The entropy pool's reading of /dev/random could cause
dnspython to block.
The entropy pool did buffered reads, potentially consuming more
randomness than we needed.
The entropy pool did not seed with high quality randomness on
Windows.
SRV records were compared incorrectly.
In the e164 query function, the resolver parameter was not
used.
New since 1.7.0:
Nothing
Bugs fixed since 1.7.0:
The 1.7.0 kitting process inadventently omitted the code for the
DLV RR.
Negative DDNS prerequisites are now handled correctly.
New since 1.6.0:
Rdatas now have a to_digestable() method, which returns the
DNSSEC canonical form of the rdata, suitable for use in
signature computations.
The NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, DLV, and HIP RR types are now supported.
An entropy module has been added and is used to randomize query ids.
EDNS0 options are now supported.
UDP IXFR is now supported.
The wire format parser now has a 'one_rr_per_rrset' mode, which
suppresses the usual coalescing of all RRs of a given type into a
single RRset.
Various helpful DNSSEC-related constants are now defined.
The resolver's query() method now has an optional 'source' parameter,
allowing the source IP address to be specified.
Bugs fixed since 1.6.0:
On Windows, the resolver set the domain incorrectly.
DS RR parsing only allowed one Base64 chunk.
TSIG validation didn't always use absolute names.
NSEC.to_text() only printed the last window.
We did not canonicalize IPv6 addresses before comparing them; we
would thus treat equivalent but different textual forms, e.g.
"1:00::1" and "1::1" as being non-equivalent.
If the peer set a TSIG error, we didn't raise an exception.
Some EDNS bugs in the message code have been fixed (see the ChangeLog
for details).
New since 1.5.0:
Added dns.inet.is_multicast().
Bugs fixed since 1.5.0:
If select() raises an exception due to EINTR, we should just
select() again.
If the queried address is a multicast address, then don't
check that the address of the response is the same as the
address queried.
NAPTR comparisons didn't compare the preference field due to a
typo.
Testing of whether a Windows NIC is enabled now works on Vista
thanks to code contributed by Paul Marks.
New since 1.4.0:
Answer objects now support more of the python sequence
protocol, forwarding the requests to the answer rrset.
E.g. "for a in answer" is equivalent to "for a in
answer.rrset", "answer[i]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i]",
and "answer[i:j]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i:j]".
Making requests using EDNS, including indicating DNSSEC awareness,
is now easier. For example, you can now say:
q = dns.message.make_query('www.dnspython.org', 'MX',
want_dnssec=True)
dns.query.xfr() can now be used for IXFR.
Support has been added for the DHCID, IPSECKEY, and SPF RR types.
UDP messages from unexpected sources can now be ignored by
setting ignore_unexpected to True when calling dns.query.udp.
Bugs fixed since 1.4.0:
If /etc/resolv.conf didn't exist, we raised an exception
instead of simply using the default resolver configuration.
In dns.resolver.Resolver._config_win32_fromkey(), we were
passing the wrong variable to self._config_win32_search().
New since 1.3.5:
You can now convert E.164 numbers to/from their ENUM name
forms:
>>> import dns.e164
>>> n = dns.e164.from_e164("+1 555 1212")
>>> n
<DNS name 2.1.2.1.5.5.5.1.e164.arpa.>
>>> dns.e164.to_e164(n)
'+15551212'
You can now convert IPv4 and IPv6 address to/from their
corresponding DNS reverse map names:
>>> import dns.reversename
>>> n = dns.reversename.from_address("127.0.0.1")
>>> n
<DNS name 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.>
>>> dns.reversename.to_address(n)
'127.0.0.1'
You can now convert between Unicode strings and their IDN ACE
form:
>>> n = dns.name.from_text(u'les-\u00e9l\u00e8ves.example.')
>>> n
<DNS name xn--les-lves-50ai.example.>
>>> n.to_unicode()
u'les-\xe9l\xe8ves.example.'
The origin parameter to dns.zone.from_text() and dns.zone.to_text()
is now optional. If not specified, the origin will be taken from
the first $ORIGIN statement in the master file.
Sanity checking of a zone can be disabled; this is useful when
working with files which are zone fragments.
Bugs fixed since 1.3.5:
The correct delimiter was not used when retrieving the
list of nameservers from the registry in certain versions of
windows.
The floating-point version of latitude and longitude in LOC RRs
(float_latitude and float_longitude) had incorrect signs for
south latitudes and west longitudes.
BIND 8 TTL syntax is now accepted in all TTL-like places (i.e.
SOA fields refresh, retry, expire, and minimum; SIG/RRSIG
field original_ttl).
TTLs are now bounds checked when their text form is parsed,
and their values must be in the closed interval [0, 2^31 - 1].
New since 1.3.4:
In the resolver, if time goes backward a little bit, ignore
it.
zone_for_name() has been added to the resolver module. It
returns the zone which is authoritative for the specified
name, which is handy for dynamic update. E.g.
import dns.resolver
print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('www.dnspython.org')
will output "dnspython.org." and
print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('a.b.c.d.e.f.example.')
will output ".".
The default resolver can be fetched with the
get_default_resolver() method.
You can now get the parent (immediate superdomain) of a name
by using the parent() method.
Zone.iterate_rdatasets() and Zone.iterate_rdatas() now have
a default rdtype of dns.rdatatype.ANY like the documentation
says.
A Dynamic DNS example, ddns.py, has been added.
New since 1.3.3:
The source address and port may now be specified when calling
dns.query.{udp,tcp,xfr}.
The resolver now does exponential backoff each time it runs
through all of the nameservers.
Rcodes which indicate a nameserver is likely to be a
"permanent failure" for a query cause the nameserver to be removed
from the mix for that query.
New since 1.3.2:
dns.message.Message.find_rrset() now uses an index, vastly
improving the from_wire() performance of large messages such
as zone transfers.
Added dns.message.make_response(), which creates a skeletal
response for the specified query.
Added opcode() and set_opcode() convenience methods to the
dns.message.Message class. Added the request_payload
attribute to the Message class.
The 'file' parameter of dns.name.Name.to_wire() is now
optional; if omitted, the wire form will be returned as the
value of the function.
dns.zone.from_xfr() in relativization mode incorrectly set
zone.origin to the empty name.
The masterfile parser incorrectly rejected TXT records where a
value was not quoted.
New since 1.3.1:
The NSEC format doesn't allow specifying types by number, so
we shouldn't either. (Using the unknown type format is still
OK though.)
The resolver wasn't catching dns.exception.Timeout, so a timeout
erroneously caused the whole resolution to fail instead of just
going on to the next server.
The renderer module didn't import random, causing an exception
to be raised if a query id wasn't provided when a Renderer was
created.
The conversion of LOC milliseconds values from text to binary was
incorrect if the length of the milliseconds string was not 3.
New since 1.3.0:
Added support for the SSHFP type.
New since 1.2.0:
Added support for new DNSSEC types RRSIG, NSEC, and DNSKEY.
This release fixes all known bugs.
See the ChangeLog file for more detailed information on changes since
the prior release.
REQUIREMENTS
Python 2.2 or later.
INSTALLATION
To build and install dnspython, type
python setup.py install
HOME PAGE
For the latest in releases, documentation, and information, visit the
dnspython home page at
http://www.dnspython.org/
DOCUMENTATION
Documentation is sparse at the moment. Use pydoc, or read the HTML
documentation at the dnspython home page, or download the HTML
documentation.
BUG REPORTS
Bug reports may be sent to bugs@dnspython.org
MAILING LISTS
A number of mailing lists are available. Visit the dnspython home
page to subscribe or unsubscribe.