# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Nooner
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
# DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
# ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""This module does the actual generation of the QR codes. The QRCodeBuilder
builds the code. While the various output methods draw the code into a file.
"""
#Imports required for 2.x support
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement, unicode_literals
import pyqrcode.tables as tables
import io
import itertools
import math
class QRCodeBuilder:
"""This class generates a QR code based on the standard. It is meant to
be used internally, not by users!!!
This class implements the tutorials found at:
* http://www.thonky.com/qr-code-tutorial/
* http://www.matchadesign.com/blog/qr-code-demystified-part-6/
This class also uses the standard, which can be read online at:
http://raidenii.net/files/datasheets/misc/qr_code.pdf
Test codes were tested against:
http://zxing.org/w/decode.jspx
Also, reference codes were generat/ed at:
http://www.morovia.com/free-online-barcode-generator/qrcode-maker.php
http://demos.telerik.com/aspnet-ajax/barcode/examples/qrcode/defaultcs.aspx
QR code Debugger:
http://qrlogo.kaarposoft.dk/qrdecode.html
"""
def __init__(self, data, version, mode, error):
"""See :py:class:`pyqrcode.QRCode` for information on the parameters."""
#Set what data we are going to use to generate
#the QR code
self.data = data
#Check that the user passed in a valid mode
if mode in tables.modes:
self.mode = tables.modes[mode]
else:
raise ValueError('{0} is not a valid mode.'.format(mode))
#Check that the user passed in a valid error level
if error in tables.error_level:
self.error = tables.error_level[error]
else:
raise ValueError('{0} is not a valid error '
'level.'.format(error))
if 1 <= version <= 40:
self.version = version
else:
raise ValueError("Illegal version {0}, version must be between "
"1 and 40.".format(version))
#Look up the proper row for error correction code words
self.error_code_words = tables.eccwbi[version][self.error]
#This property will hold the binary string as it is built
self.buffer = io.StringIO()
#Create the binary data block
self.add_data()
#Create the actual QR code
self.make_code()
def grouper(self, n, iterable, fillvalue=None):
"""This generator yields a set of tuples, where the
iterable is broken into n sized chunks. If the
iterable is not evenly sized then fillvalue will
be appended to the last tuple to make up the difference.
This function is copied from the standard docs on
itertools.
"""
args = [iter(iterable)] * n
if hasattr(itertools, 'zip_longest'):
return itertools.zip_longest(*args, fillvalue=fillvalue)
return itertools.izip_longest(*args, fillvalue=fillvalue)
def binary_string(self, data, length):
"""This method returns a string of length n that is the binary
representation of the given data. This function is used to
basically create bit fields of a given size.
"""
return '{{0:0{0}b}}'.format(length).format(int(data))
def get_data_length(self):
"""QR codes contain a "data length" field. This method creates this
field. A binary string representing the appropriate length is
returned.
"""
#The "data length" field varies by the type of code and its mode.
#discover how long the "data length" field should be.
if 1 <= self.version <= 9:
max_version = 9
elif 10 <= self.version <= 26:
max_version = 26
elif 27 <= self.version <= 40:
max_version = 40
data_length = tables.data_length_field[max_version][self.mode]
if self.mode != tables.modes['kanji']:
length_string = self.binary_string(len(self.data), data_length)
else:
length_string = self.binary_string(len(self.data) / 2, data_length)
if len(length_string) > data_length:
raise ValueError('The supplied data will not fit '
'within this version of a QRCode.')
return length_string
def encode(self):
"""This method encodes the data into a binary string using
the appropriate algorithm specified by the mode.
"""
if self.mode == tables.modes['alphanumeric']:
encoded = self.encode_alphanumeric()
elif self.mode == tables.modes['numeric']:
encoded = self.encode_numeric()
elif self.mode == tables.modes['binary']:
encoded = self.encode_bytes()
elif self.mode == tables.modes['kanji']:
encoded = self.encode_kanji()
return encoded
def encode_alphanumeric(self):
"""This method encodes the QR code's data if its mode is
alphanumeric. It returns the data encoded as a binary string.
"""
#Convert the string to upper case
self.data = self.data.upper()
#Change the data such that it uses a QR code ascii table
ascii = []
for char in self.data:
if isinstance(char, int):
ascii.append(tables.ascii_codes[chr(char)])
else:
ascii.append(tables.ascii_codes[char])
#Now perform the algorithm that will make the ascii into bit fields
with io.StringIO() as buf:
for (a,b) in self.grouper(2, ascii):
if b is not None:
buf.write(self.binary_string((45*a)+b, 11))
else:
#This occurs when there is an odd number
#of characters in the data
buf.write(self.binary_string(a, 6))
#Return the binary string
return buf.getvalue()
def encode_numeric(self):
"""This method encodes the QR code's data if its mode is
numeric. It returns the data encoded as a binary string.
"""
with io.StringIO() as buf:
#Break the number into groups of three digits
for triplet in self.grouper(3, self.data):
number = ''
for digit in triplet:
if isinstance(digit, int):
digit = chr(digit)
#Only build the string if digit is not None
if digit:
number = ''.join([number, digit])
else:
break
#If the number is one digits, make a 4 bit field
if len(number) == 1:
bin = self.binary_string(number, 4)
#If the number is two digits, make a 7 bit field
elif len(number) == 2:
bin = self.binary_string(number, 7)
#Three digit numbers use a 10 bit field
else:
bin = self.binary_string(number, 10)
buf.write(bin)
return buf.getvalue()
def encode_bytes(self):
"""This method encodes the QR code's data if its mode is
8 bit mode. It returns the data encoded as a binary string.
"""
with io.StringIO() as buf:
for char in self.data:
if not isinstance(char, int):
buf.write('{{0:0{0}b}}'.format(8).format(ord(char)))
else:
buf.write('{{0:0{0}b}}'.format(8).format(char))
return buf.getvalue()
def encode_kanji(self):
"""This method encodes the QR code's data if its mode is
kanji. It returns the data encoded as a binary string.
"""
def two_bytes(data):
"""Output two byte character code as a single integer."""
def next_byte(b):
"""Make sure that character code is an int. Python 2 and
3 compatibility.
"""
if not isinstance(b, int):
return ord(b)
else:
return b
#Go through the data by looping to every other character
for i in range(0, len(data), 2):
yield (next_byte(data[i]) << 8) | next_byte(data[i+1])
#Force the data into Kanji encoded bytes
if isinstance(self.data, bytes):
data = self.data.decode('shiftjis').encode('shiftjis')
else:
data = self.data.encode('shiftjis')
#Now perform the algorithm that will make the kanji into 13 bit fields
with io.StringIO() as buf:
for asint in two_bytes(data):
#Shift the two byte value as indicated by the standard
if 0x8140 <= asint <= 0x9FFC:
difference = asint - 0x8140
elif 0xE040 <= asint <= 0xEBBF:
difference = asint - 0xC140
#Split the new value into most and least significant bytes
msb = (difference >> 8)
lsb = (difference & 0x00FF)
#Calculate the actual 13 bit binary value
buf.write('{0:013b}'.format((msb * 0xC0) + lsb))
#Return the binary string
return buf.getvalue()
def add_data(self):
"""This function properly constructs a QR code's data string. It takes
into account the interleaving pattern required by the standard.
"""
#Encode the data into a QR code
self.buffer.write(self.binary_string(self.mode, 4))
self.buffer.write(self.get_data_length())
self.buffer.write(self.encode())
#Converts the buffer into "code word" integers.
#The online debugger outputs them this way, makes
#for easier comparisons.
#s = self.buffer.getvalue()
#for i in range(0, len(s), 8):
# print(int(s[i:i+8], 2), end=',')
#print()
#Fix for issue #3: https://github.com/mnooner256/pyqrcode/issues/3#
#I was performing the terminate_bits() part in the encoding.
#As per the standard, terminating bits are only supposed to
#be added after the bit stream is complete. I took that to
#mean after the encoding, but actually it is after the entire
#bit stream has been constructed.
bits = self.terminate_bits(self.buffer.getvalue())
if bits is not None:
self.buffer.write(bits)
#delimit_words and add_words can return None
add_bits = self.delimit_words()
if add_bits:
self.buffer.write(add_bits)
fill_bytes = self.add_words()
if fill_bytes:
self.buffer.write(fill_bytes)
#Get a numeric representation of the data
data = [int(''.join(x),2)
for x in self.grouper(8, self.buffer.getvalue())]
#This is the error information for the code
error_info = tables.eccwbi[self.version][self.error]
#This will hold our data blocks
data_blocks = []
#This will hold our error blocks
error_blocks = []
#Some codes have the data sliced into two different sized blocks
#for example, first two 14 word sized blocks, then four 15 word
#sized blocks. This means that slicing size can change over time.
data_block_sizes = [error_info[2]] * error_info[1]
if error_info[3] != 0:
data_block_sizes.extend([error_info[4]] * error_info[3])
#For every block of data, slice the data into the appropriate
#sized block
current_byte = 0
for n_data_blocks in data_block_sizes:
data_blocks.append(data[current_byte:current_byte+n_data_blocks])
current_byte += n_data_blocks
#I am not sure about the test after the "and". This was added to
#fix a bug where after delimit_words padded the bit stream, a zero
#byte ends up being added. After checking around, it seems this extra
#byte is supposed to be chopped off, but I cannot find that in the
#standard! I am adding it to solve the bug, I believe it is correct.
if current_byte < len(data):
raise ValueError('Too much data for this code version.')
#DEBUG CODE!!!!
#Print out the data blocks
#print('Data Blocks:\n{0}'.format(data_blocks))
#Calculate the error blocks
for n, block in enumerate(data_blocks):
error_blocks.append(self.make_error_block(block, n))
#DEBUG CODE!!!!
#Print out the error blocks
#print('Error Blocks:\n{0}'.format(error_blocks))
#Buffer we will write our data blocks into
data_buffer = io.StringIO()
#Add the data blocks
#Write the buffer such that: block 1 byte 1, block 2 byte 1, etc.
largest_block = max(error_info[2], error_info[4])+error_info[0]
for i in range(largest_block):
for block in data_blocks:
if i < len(block):
data_buffer.write(self.binary_string(block[i], 8))
#Add the error code blocks.
#Write the buffer such that: block 1 byte 1, block 2 byte 2, etc.
for i in range(error_info[0]):
for block in error_blocks:
data_buffer.write(self.binary_string(block[i], 8))
self.buffer = data_buffer
def terminate_bits(self, payload):
"""This method adds zeros to the end of the encoded data so that the
encoded data is of the correct length. It returns a binary string
containing the bits to be added.
"""
data_capacity = tables.data_capacity[self.version][self.error][0]
if len(payload) > data_capacity:
raise ValueError('The supplied data will not fit '
'within this version of a QR code.')
#We must add up to 4 zeros to make up for any shortfall in the
#length of the data field.
if len(payload) == data_capacity:
return None
elif len(payload) <= data_capacity-4:
bits = self.binary_string(0,4)
else:
#Make up any shortfall need with less than 4 zeros
bits = self.binary_string(0, data_capacity - len(payload))
return bits
def delimit_words(self):
"""This method takes the existing encoded binary string
and returns a binary string that will pad it such that
the encoded string contains only full bytes.
"""
bits_short = 8 - (len(self.buffer.getvalue()) % 8)
#The string already falls on an byte boundary do nothing
if bits_short == 0 or bits_short == 8:
return None
else:
return self.binary_string(0, bits_short)
def add_words(self):
"""The data block must fill the entire data capacity of the QR code.
If we fall short, then we must add bytes to the end of the encoded
data field. The value of these bytes are specified in the standard.
"""
data_blocks = len(self.buffer.getvalue()) // 8
total_blocks = tables.data_capacity[self.version][self.error][0] // 8
needed_blocks = total_blocks - data_blocks
if needed_blocks == 0:
return None
#This will return item1, item2, item1, item2, etc.
block = itertools.cycle(['11101100', '00010001'])
#Create a string of the needed blocks
return ''.join([next(block) for x in range(needed_blocks)])
def make_error_block(self, block, block_number):
"""This function constructs the error correction block of the
given data block. This is *very complicated* process. To
understand the code you need to read:
* http://www.thonky.com/qr-code-tutorial/part-2-error-correction/
* http://www.matchadesign.com/blog/qr-code-demystified-part-4/
"""
#Get the error information from the standards table
error_info = tables.eccwbi[self.version][self.error]
#This is the number of 8-bit words per block
if block_number < error_info[1]:
code_words_per_block = error_info[2]
else:
code_words_per_block = error_info[4]
#This is the size of the error block
error_block_size = error_info[0]
#Copy the block as the message polynomial coefficients
mp_co = block[:]
#Add the error blocks to the message polynomial
mp_co.extend([0] * (error_block_size))
#Get the generator polynomial
generator = tables.generator_polynomials[error_block_size]
#This will hold the temporary sum of the message coefficient and the
#generator polynomial
gen_result = [0] * len(generator)
#Go through every code word in the block
for i in range(code_words_per_block):
#Get the first coefficient from the message polynomial
coefficient = mp_co.pop(0)
#Skip coefficients that are zero
if coefficient == 0:
continue
else:
#Turn the coefficient into an alpha exponent
alpha_exp = tables.galois_antilog[coefficient]
#Add the alpha to the generator polynomial
for n in range(len(generator)):
gen_result[n] = alpha_exp + generator[n]
if gen_result[n] > 255:
gen_result[n] = gen_result[n] % 255
#Convert the alpha notation back into coefficients
gen_result[n] = tables.galois_log[gen_result[n]]
#XOR the sum with the message coefficients
mp_co[n] = gen_result[n] ^ mp_co[n]
#Pad the end of the error blocks with zeros if needed
if len(mp_co) < code_words_per_block:
mp_co.extend([0] * (code_words_per_block - len(mp_co)))
return mp_co
def make_code(self):
"""This method returns the best possible QR code."""
from copy import deepcopy
#Get the size of the underlying matrix
matrix_size = tables.version_size[self.version]
#Create a template matrix we will build the codes with
row = [' ' for x in range(matrix_size)]
template = [deepcopy(row) for x in range(matrix_size)]
#Add mandatory information to the template
self.add_detection_pattern(template)
self.add_position_pattern(template)
self.add_version_pattern(template)
#Create the various types of masks of the template
self.masks = self.make_masks(template)
self.best_mask = self.choose_best_mask()
self.code = self.masks[self.best_mask]
def add_detection_pattern(self, m):
"""This method add the detection patterns to the QR code. This lets
the scanner orient the pattern. It is required for all QR codes.
The detection pattern consists of three boxes located at the upper
left, upper right, and lower left corners of the matrix. Also, two
special lines called the timing pattern is also necessary. Finally,
a single black pixel is added just above the lower left black box.
"""
#Draw outer black box
for i in range(7):
inv = -(i+1)
for j in [0,6,-1,-7]:
m[j][i] = 1
m[i][j] = 1
m[inv][j] = 1
m[j][inv] = 1
#Draw inner white box
for i in range(1, 6):
inv = -(i+1)
for j in [1, 5, -2, -6]:
m[j][i] = 0
m[i][j] = 0
m[inv][j] = 0
m[j][inv] = 0
#Draw inner black box
for i in range(2, 5):
for j in range(2, 5):
inv = -(i+1)
m[i][j] = 1
m[inv][j] = 1
m[j][inv] = 1
#Draw white border
for i in range(8):
inv = -(i+1)
for j in [7, -8]:
m[i][j] = 0
m[j][i] = 0
m[inv][j] = 0
m[j][inv] = 0
#To keep the code short, it draws an extra box
#in the lower right corner, this removes it.
for i in range(-8, 0):
for j in range(-8, 0):
m[i][j] = ' '
#Add the timing pattern
bit = itertools.cycle([1,0])
for i in range(8, (len(m)-8)):
b = next(bit)
m[i][6] = b
m[6][i] = b
#Add the extra black pixel
m[-8][8] = 1
def add_position_pattern(self, m):
"""This method draws the position adjustment patterns onto the QR
Code. All QR code versions larger than one require these special boxes
called position adjustment patterns.
"""
#Version 1 does not have a position adjustment pattern
if self.version == 1:
return
#Get the coordinates for where to place the boxes
coordinates = tables.position_adjustment[self.version]
#Get the max and min coordinates to handle special cases
min_coord = coordinates[0]
max_coord = coordinates[-1]
#Draw a box at each intersection of the coordinates
for i in coordinates:
for j in coordinates:
#Do not draw these boxes because they would
#interfere with the detection pattern
if (i == min_coord and j == min_coord) or \
(i == min_coord and j == max_coord) or \
(i == max_coord and j == min_coord):
continue
#Center black pixel
m[i][j] = 1
#Surround the pixel with a white box
for x in [-1,1]:
m[i+x][j+x] = 0
m[i+x][j] = 0
m[i][j+x] = 0
m[i-x][j+x] = 0
m[i+x][j-x] = 0
#Surround the white box with a black box
for x in [-2,2]:
for y in [0,-1,1]:
m[i+x][j+x] = 1
m[i+x][j+y] = 1
m[i+y][j+x] = 1
m[i-x][j+x] = 1
m[i+x][j-x] = 1
def add_version_pattern(self, m):
"""For QR codes with a version 7 or higher, a special pattern
specifying the code's version is required.
For further information see:
http://www.thonky.com/qr-code-tutorial/format-version-information/#example-of-version-7-information-string
"""
if self.version < 7:
return
#Get the bit fields for this code's version
#We will iterate across the string, the bit string
#needs the least significant digit in the zero-th position
field = iter(tables.version_pattern[self.version][::-1])
#Where to start placing the pattern
start = len(m)-11
#The version pattern is pretty odd looking
for i in range(6):
#The pattern is three modules wide
for j in range(start, start+3):
bit = int(next(field))
#Bottom Left
m[i][j] = bit
#Upper right
m[j][i] = bit
def make_masks(self, template):
"""This method generates all seven masks so that the best mask can
be determined. The template parameter is a code matrix that will
server as the base for all the generated masks.
"""
from copy import deepcopy
nmasks = len(tables.mask_patterns)
masks = [''] * nmasks
count = 0
for n in range(nmasks):
cur_mask = deepcopy(template)
masks[n] = cur_mask
#Add the type pattern bits to the code
self.add_type_pattern(cur_mask, tables.type_bits[self.error][n])
#Get the mask pattern
pattern = tables.mask_patterns[n]
#This will read the 1's and 0's one at a time
bits = iter(self.buffer.getvalue())
#These will help us do the up, down, up, down pattern
row_start = itertools.cycle([len(cur_mask)-1, 0])
row_stop = itertools.cycle([-1,len(cur_mask)])
direction = itertools.cycle([-1, 1])
#The data pattern is added using pairs of columns
for column in range(len(cur_mask)-1, 0, -2):
#The vertical timing pattern is an exception to the rules,
#move the column counter over by one
if column <= 6:
column = column - 1
#This will let us fill in the pattern
#right-left, right-left, etc.
column_pair = itertools.cycle([column, column-1])
#Go through each row in the pattern moving up, then down
for row in range(next(row_start), next(row_stop),
next(direction)):
#Fill in the right then left column
for i in range(2):
col = next(column_pair)
#Go to the next column if we encounter a
#preexisting pattern (usually an alignment pattern)
if cur_mask[row][col] != ' ':
continue
#Some versions don't have enough bits. You then fill
#in the rest of the pattern with 0's. These are
#called "remainder bits."
try:
bit = int(next(bits))
except:
bit = 0
#If the pattern is True then flip the bit
if pattern(row, col):
cur_mask[row][col] = bit ^ 1
else:
cur_mask[row][col] = bit
#DEBUG CODE!!!
#Save all of the masks as png files
#for i, m in enumerate(masks):
# _png(m, self.version, 'mask-{0}.png'.format(i), 5)
return masks
def choose_best_mask(self):
"""This method returns the index of the "best" mask as defined by
having the lowest total penalty score. The penalty rules are defined
by the standard. The mask with the lowest total score should be the
easiest to read by optical scanners.
"""
self.scores = []
for n in range(len(self.masks)):
self.scores.append([0,0,0,0])
#Score penalty rule number 1
#Look for five consecutive squares with the same color.
#Each one found gets a penalty of 3 + 1 for every
#same color square after the first five in the row.
for (n, mask) in enumerate(self.masks):
current = mask[0][0]
counter = 0
total = 0
#Examine the mask row wise
for row in range(0,len(mask)):
counter = 0
for col in range(0,len(mask)):
bit = mask[row][col]
if bit == current:
counter += 1
else:
if counter >= 5:
total += (counter - 5) + 3
counter = 1
current = bit
if counter >= 5:
total += (counter - 5) + 3
#Examine the mask column wise
for col in range(0,len(mask)):
counter = 0
for row in range(0,len(mask)):
bit = mask[row][col]
if bit == current:
counter += 1
else:
if counter >= 5:
total += (counter - 5) + 3
counter = 1
current = bit
if counter >= 5:
total += (counter - 5) + 3
self.scores[n][0] = total
#Score penalty rule 2
#This rule will add 3 to the score for each 2x2 block of the same
#colored pixels there are.
for (n, mask) in enumerate(self.masks):
count = 0
#Don't examine the 0th and Nth row/column
for i in range(0, len(mask)-1):
for j in range(0, len(mask)-1):
if mask[i][j] == mask[i+1][j] and \
mask[i][j] == mask[i][j+1] and \
mask[i][j] == mask[i+1][j+1]:
count += 1
self.scores[n][1] = count * 3
#Score penalty rule 3
#This rule looks for 1011101 within the mask prefixed
#and/or suffixed by four zeros.
patterns = [[0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1],
[1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0],]
#[0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0]]
for (n, mask) in enumerate(self.masks):
nmatches = 0
for i in range(len(mask)):
for j in range(len(mask)):
for pattern in patterns:
match = True
k = j
#Look for row matches
for p in pattern:
if k >= len(mask) or mask[i][k] != p:
match = False
break
k += 1
if match:
nmatches += 1
match = True
k = j
#Look for column matches
for p in pattern:
if k >= len(mask) or mask[k][i] != p:
match = False
break
k += 1
if match:
nmatches += 1
self.scores[n][2] = nmatches * 40
#Score the last rule, penalty rule 4. This rule measures how close
#the pattern is to being 50% black. The further it deviates from
#this this ideal the higher the penalty.
for (n, mask) in enumerate(self.masks):
nblack = 0
for row in mask:
nblack += sum(row)
total_pixels = len(mask)**2
ratio = nblack / total_pixels
percent = (ratio * 100) - 50
self.scores[n][3] = int((abs(int(percent)) / 5) * 10)
#Calculate the total for each score
totals = [0] * len(self.scores)
for i in range(len(self.scores)):
for j in range(len(self.scores[i])):
totals[i] += self.scores[i][j]
#DEBUG CODE!!!
#Prints out a table of scores
#print('Rule Scores\n 1 2 3 4 Total')
#for i in range(len(self.scores)):
# print(i, end='')
# for s in self.scores[i]:
# print('{0: >6}'.format(s), end='')
# print('{0: >7}'.format(totals[i]))
#print('Mask Chosen: {0}'.format(totals.index(min(totals))))
#The lowest total wins
return totals.index(min(totals))
def add_type_pattern(self, m, type_bits):
"""This will add the pattern to the QR code that represents the error
level and the type of mask used to make the code.
"""
field = iter(type_bits)
for i in range(7):
bit = int(next(field))
#Skip the timing bits
if i < 6:
m[8][i] = bit
else:
m[8][i+1] = bit
if -8 < -(i+1):
m[-(i+1)][8] = bit
for i in range(-8,0):
bit = int(next(field))
m[8][i] = bit
i = -i
#Skip timing column
if i > 6:
m[i][8] = bit
else:
m[i-1][8] = bit
##############################################################################
##############################################################################
#
# Output Functions
#
##############################################################################
##############################################################################
def _get_writable(stream_or_path, mode):
"""This method returns a tuple containing the stream and a flag to indicate
if the stream should be automatically closed.
The `stream_or_path` parameter is returned if it is an open writable stream.
Otherwise, it treats the `stream_or_path` parameter as a file path and
opens it with the given mode.
It is used by the svg and png methods to interpret the file parameter.
:type stream_or_path: str | io.BufferedIOBase
:type mode: str | unicode
:rtype: (io.BufferedIOBase, bool)
"""
is_stream = hasattr(stream_or_path, 'write')
if not is_stream:
# No stream provided, treat "stream_or_path" as path
stream_or_path = open(stream_or_path, mode)
return stream_or_path, not is_stream
def _get_png_size(version, scale, quiet_zone=4):
"""See: QRCode.get_png_size
This function was abstracted away from QRCode to allow for the output of
QR codes during the build process, i.e. for debugging. It works
just the same except you must specify the code's version. This is needed
to calculate the PNG's size.
"""
#Formula: scale times number of modules plus the border on each side
return (int(scale) * tables.version_size[version]) + (2 * quiet_zone * int(scale))
def _terminal(code, module_color='default', background='reverse', quiet_zone=4):
"""This method returns a string containing ASCII escape codes,
such that if printed to a terminal, it will display a vaild
QR code. The module_color and the background color should be keys
in the tables.term_colors table for printing using the 8/16
color scheme. Alternatively, they can be a number between 0 and
256 in order to use the 88/256 color scheme. Otherwise, a
ValueError will be raised.
Note, the code is outputted by changing the background color. Then
two spaces are written to the terminal. Finally, the terminal is
reset back to how it was.
"""
buf = io.StringIO()
def draw_border():
for i in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write(background)
if module_color in tables.term_colors:
data = '\033[{0}m \033[0m'.format(
tables.term_colors[module_color])
elif 0 <= module_color <= 256:
data = '\033[48;5;{0}m \033[0m'.format(module_color)
else:
raise ValueError('The module color, {0}, must a key in '
'pyqrcode.tables.term_colors or a number '
'between 0 and 256.'.format(
module_color))
if background in tables.term_colors:
background = '\033[{0}m \033[0m'.format(
tables.term_colors[background])
elif 0 <= background <= 256:
background = '\033[48;5;{0}m \033[0m'.format(background)
else:
raise ValueError('The background color, {0}, must a key in '
'pyqrcode.tables.term_colors or a number '
'between 0 and 256.'.format(
background))
#This will be the beginning and ending row for the code.
border_row = background * (len(code[0]) + (2 * quiet_zone))
#Make sure we begin on a new line, and force the terminal back
#to normal
buf.write('\n')
#QRCodes have a quiet zone consisting of background modules
for i in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write(border_row)
buf.write('\n')
for row in code:
#Each code has a quiet zone on the left side, this is the left
#border for this code
draw_border()
for bit in row:
if bit == 1:
buf.write(data)
elif bit == 0:
buf.write(background)
#Each row ends with a quiet zone on the right side, this is the
#right hand border background modules
draw_border()
buf.write('\n')
#QRCodes have a background quiet zone row following the code
for i in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write(border_row)
buf.write('\n')
return buf.getvalue()
def _text(code, quiet_zone=4):
"""This method returns a text based representation of the QR code.
This is useful for debugging purposes.
"""
buf = io.StringIO()
border_row = '0' * (len(code[0]) + (quiet_zone*2))
#Every QR code start with a quiet zone at the top
for b in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write(border_row)
buf.write('\n')
for row in code:
#Draw the starting quiet zone
for b in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write('0')
#Actually draw the QR code
for bit in row:
if bit == 1:
buf.write('1')
elif bit == 0:
buf.write('0')
#This is for debugging unfinished QR codes,
#unset pixels will be spaces.
else:
buf.write(' ')
#Draw the ending quiet zone
for b in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write('0')
buf.write('\n')
#Every QR code ends with a quiet zone at the bottom
for b in range(quiet_zone):
buf.write(border_row)
buf.write('\n')
return buf.getvalue()
def _xbm(code, scale=1, quiet_zone=4):
"""This function will format the QR code as a X BitMap.
This can be used to display the QR code with Tkinter.
"""
try:
str = unicode # Python 2
except NameError:
str = __builtins__['str']
buf = io.StringIO()
# Calculate the width in pixels
pixel_width = (len(code[0]) + quiet_zone * 2) * scale
# Add the size information and open the pixel data section
buf.write('#define im_width ')
buf.write(str(pixel_width))
buf.write('\n')
buf.write('#define im_height ')
buf.write(str(pixel_width))
buf.write('\n')
buf.write('static char im_bits[] = {\n')
# Calculate the number of bytes per row
byte_width = int(math.ceil(pixel_width / 8.0))
# Add the top quiet zone
buf.write(('0x00,' * byte_width + '\n') * quiet_zone * scale)
for row in code:
# Add the left quiet zone
row_bits = '0' * quiet_zone * scale
# Add the actual QR code
for pixel in row:
row_bits += str(pixel) * scale
# Add the right quiet zone
row_bits += '0' * quiet_zone * scale
# Format the row
formated_row = ''
for b in range(byte_width):
formated_row += '0x{0:02x},'.format(int(row_bits[:8][::-1], 2))
row_bits = row_bits[8:]
formated_row += '\n'
# Add the formatted row
buf.write(formated_row * scale)
# Add the bottom quiet zone and close the pixel data section
buf.write(('0x00,' * byte_width + '\n') * quiet_zone * scale)
buf.write('};')
return buf.getvalue()
def _svg(code, version, file, scale=1, module_color='#000', background=None,
quiet_zone=4, xmldecl=True, svgns=True, title=None, svgclass='pyqrcode',
lineclass='pyqrline', omithw=False, debug=False):
"""This function writes the QR code out as an SVG document. The
code is drawn by drawing only the modules corresponding to a 1. They
are drawn using a line, such that contiguous modules in a row
are drawn with a single line. The file parameter is used to
specify where to write the document to. It can either be a writable (binary)
stream or a file path. The scale parameter is sets how large to draw
a single module. By default one pixel is used to draw a single
module. This may make the code to small to be read efficiently.
Increasing the scale will make the code larger. This method will accept
fractional scales (e.g. 2.5).
:param module_color: Color of the QR code (default: ``#000`` (black))
:param background: Optional background color.
(default: ``None`` (no background))
:param quiet_zone: Border around the QR code (also known as quiet zone)
(default: ``4``). Set to zero (``0``) if the code shouldn't
have a border.
:param xmldecl: Inidcates if the XML declaration header should be written
(default: ``True``)
:param svgns: Indicates if the SVG namespace should be written
(default: ``True``)
:param title: Optional title of the generated SVG document.
:param svgclass: The CSS class of the SVG document
(if set to ``None``, the SVG element won't have a class).
:param lineclass: The CSS class of the path element
(if set to ``None``, the path won't have a class).
:param omithw: Indicates if width and height attributes should be
omitted (default: ``False``). If these attributes are omitted,
a ``viewBox`` attribute will be added to the document.
:param debug: Inidicates if errors in the QR code should be added to the
output (default: ``False``).
"""
from functools import partial
from xml.sax.saxutils import quoteattr
def write_unicode(write_meth, unicode_str):
"""\
Encodes the provided string into UTF-8 and writes the result using
the `write_meth`.
"""
write_meth(unicode_str.encode('utf-8'))
def line(x, y, length, relative):
"""Returns coordinates to draw a line with the provided length.
"""
return '{0}{1} {2}h{3}'.format(('m' if relative else 'M'), x, y, length)
def errline(col_number, row_number):
"""Returns the coordinates to draw an error bit.
"""
# Debug path uses always absolute coordinates
# .5 == stroke / 2
return line(col_number + quiet_zone, row_number + quiet_zone + .5, 1, False)
f, autoclose = _get_writable(file, 'wb')
write = partial(write_unicode, f.write)
write_bytes = f.write
# Write the document header
if xmldecl:
write_bytes(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n')
write_bytes(b'<svg')
if svgns:
write_bytes(b' xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"')
size = tables.version_size[version] * scale + (2 * quiet_zone * scale)
if not omithw:
write(' height="{0}" width="{0}"'.format(size))
else:
write(' viewBox="0 0 {0} {0}"'.format(size))
if svgclass is not None:
write_bytes(b' class=')
write(quoteattr(svgclass))
write_bytes(b'>')
if title is not None:
write('<title>{0}</title>'.format(title))
# Draw a background rectangle if necessary
if background is not None:
write('<path fill="{1}" d="M0 0h{0}v{0}h-{0}z"/>'
.format(size, background))
write_bytes(b'<path')
if scale != 1:
write(' transform="scale({0})"'.format(scale))
if module_color is not None:
write_bytes(b' stroke=')
write(quoteattr(module_color))
if lineclass is not None:
write_bytes(b' class=')
write(quoteattr(lineclass))
write_bytes(b' d="')
# Used to keep track of unknown/error coordinates.
debug_path = ''
# Current pen pointer position
x, y = -quiet_zone, quiet_zone - .5 # .5 == stroke-width / 2
wrote_bit = False
# Loop through each row of the code
for rnumber, row in enumerate(code):
start_column = 0 # Reset the starting column number
coord = '' # Reset row coordinates
y += 1 # Pen position on y-axis
length = 0 # Reset line length
# Examine every bit in the row
for colnumber, bit in enumerate(row):
if bit == 1:
length += 1
else:
if length:
x = start_column - x
coord += line(x, y, length, relative=wrote_bit)
x = start_column + length
y = 0 # y-axis won't change unless the row changes
length = 0
wrote_bit = True
start_column = colnumber + 1
if debug and bit != 0:
debug_path += errline(colnumber, rnumber)
if length:
x = start_column - x
coord += line(x, y, length, relative=wrote_bit)
x = start_column + length
wrote_bit = True
write(coord)
# Close path
write_bytes(b'"/>')
if debug and debug_path:
write_bytes(b'<path')
if scale != 1:
write(' transform="scale({0})"'.format(scale))
write(' class="pyqrerr" stroke="red" d="{0}"/>'.format(debug_path))
# Close document
write_bytes(b'</svg>\n')
if autoclose:
f.close()
def _png(code, version, file, scale=1, module_color=(0, 0, 0, 255),
background=(255, 255, 255, 255), quiet_zone=4, debug=False):
"""See: pyqrcode.QRCode.png()
This function was abstracted away from QRCode to allow for the output of
QR codes during the build process, i.e. for debugging. It works
just the same except you must specify the code's version. This is needed
to calculate the PNG's size.
This method will write the given file out as a PNG file. Note, it
depends on the PyPNG module to do this.
:param module_color: Color of the QR code (default: ``(0, 0, 0, 255)`` (black))
:param background: Optional background color. If set to ``None`` the PNG
will have a transparent background.
(default: ``(255, 255, 255, 255)`` (white))
:param quiet_zone: Border around the QR code (also known as quiet zone)
(default: ``4``). Set to zero (``0``) if the code shouldn't
have a border.
:param debug: Inidicates if errors in the QR code should be added (as red
modules) to the output (default: ``False``).
"""
import png
# Coerce scale parameter into an integer
try:
scale = int(scale)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError('The scale parameter must be an integer')
def scale_code(size):
"""To perform the scaling we need to inflate the number of bits.
The PNG library expects all of the bits when it draws the PNG.
Effectively, we double, tripple, etc. the number of columns and
the number of rows.
"""
# This is one row's worth of each possible module
# PNG's use 0 for black and 1 for white, this is the
# reverse of the QR standard
black = [0] * scale
white = [1] * scale
# Tuple to lookup colors
# The 3rd color is the module_color unless "debug" is enabled
colors = (white, black, (([2] * scale) if debug else black))
# Whitespace added on the left and right side
border_module = white * quiet_zone
# This is the row to show up at the top and bottom border
border_row = [[1] * size] * scale * quiet_zone
# This will hold the final PNG's bits
bits = []
# Add scale rows before the code as a border,
# as per the standard
bits.extend(border_row)
# Add each row of the to the final PNG bits
for row in code:
tmp_row = []
# Add one all white module to the beginning
# to create the vertical border
tmp_row.extend(border_module)
# Go through each bit in the code
for bit in row:
# Use the standard color or the "debug" color
tmp_row.extend(colors[(bit if bit in (0, 1) else 2)])
# Add one all white module to the end
# to create the vertical border
tmp_row.extend(border_module)
# Copy each row scale times
for n in range(scale):
bits.append(tmp_row)
# Add the bottom border
bits.extend(border_row)
return bits
def png_pallete_color(color):
"""This creates a palette color from a list or tuple. The list or
tuple must be of length 3 (for rgb) or 4 (for rgba). The values
must be between 0 and 255. Note rgb colors will be given an added
alpha component set to 255.
The pallete color is represented as a list, this is what is returned.
"""
if color is None:
return ()
if not isinstance(color, (tuple, list)):
r, g, b = _hex_to_rgb(color)
return r, g, b, 255
rgba = []
if not (3 <= len(color) <= 4):
raise ValueError('Colors must be a list or tuple of length '
' 3 or 4. You passed in "{0}".'.format(color))
for c in color:
c = int(c)
if 0 <= c <= 255:
rgba.append(int(c))
else:
raise ValueError('Color components must be between 0 and 255')
# Make all colors have an alpha channel
if len(rgba) == 3:
rgba.append(255)
return tuple(rgba)
if module_color is None:
raise ValueError('The module_color must not be None')
bitdepth = 1
# foreground aka module color
fg_col = png_pallete_color(module_color)
transparent = background is None
# If background color is set to None, the inverse color of the
# foreground color is calculated
bg_col = png_pallete_color(background) if background is not None else tuple([255 - c for c in fg_col])
# Assume greyscale if module color is black and background color is white
greyscale = fg_col[:3] == (0, 0, 0) and (not debug and transparent or bg_col == (255, 255, 255, 255))
transparent_color = 1 if transparent and greyscale else None
palette = [fg_col, bg_col] if not greyscale else None
if debug:
# Add "red" as color for error modules
palette.append((255, 0, 0, 255))
bitdepth = 2
# The size of the PNG
size = _get_png_size(version, scale, quiet_zone)
# We need to increase the size of the code to match up to the
# scale parameter.
code_rows = scale_code(size)
# Write out the PNG
f, autoclose = _get_writable(file, 'wb')
w = png.Writer(width=size, height=size, greyscale=greyscale,
transparent=transparent_color, palette=palette,
bitdepth=bitdepth)
try:
w.write(f, code_rows)
finally:
if autoclose:
f.close()
def _eps(code, version, file_or_path, scale=1, module_color=(0, 0, 0),
background=None, quiet_zone=4):
"""This function writes the QR code out as an EPS document. The
code is drawn by drawing only the modules corresponding to a 1. They
are drawn using a line, such that contiguous modules in a row
are drawn with a single line. The file parameter is used to
specify where to write the document to. It can either be a writable (text)
stream or a file path. The scale parameter is sets how large to draw
a single module. By default one point (1/72 inch) is used to draw a single
module. This may make the code to small to be read efficiently.
Increasing the scale will make the code larger. This function will accept
fractional scales (e.g. 2.5).
:param module_color: Color of the QR code (default: ``(0, 0, 0)`` (black))
The color can be specified as triple of floats (range: 0 .. 1) or
triple of integers (range: 0 .. 255) or as hexadecimal value (i.e.
``#36c`` or ``#33B200``).
:param background: Optional background color.
(default: ``None`` (no background)). See `module_color` for the
supported values.
:param quiet_zone: Border around the QR code (also known as quiet zone)
(default: ``4``). Set to zero (``0``) if the code shouldn't
have a border.
"""
from functools import partial
import time
import textwrap
def write_line(writemeth, content):
"""\
Writes `content` and ``LF``.
"""
# Postscript: Max. 255 characters per line
for line in textwrap.wrap(content, 255):
writemeth(line)
writemeth('\n')
def line(offset, length):
"""\
Returns coordinates to draw a line with the provided length.
"""
res = ''
if offset > 0:
res = ' {0} 0 m'.format(offset)
res += ' {0} 0 l'.format(length)
return res
def rgb_to_floats(color):
"""\
Converts the provided color into an acceptable format for Postscript's
``setrgbcolor``
"""
def to_float(clr):
if isinstance(clr, float):
if not 0.0 <= clr <= 1.0:
raise ValueError('Invalid color "{0}". Not in range 0 .. 1'
.format(clr))
return clr
if not 0 <= clr <= 255:
raise ValueError('Invalid color "{0}". Not in range 0 .. 255'
.format(clr))
return 1/255.0 * clr if clr != 1 else clr
if not isinstance(color, (tuple, list)):
color = _hex_to_rgb(color)
return tuple([to_float(i) for i in color])
f, autoclose = _get_writable(file_or_path, 'w')
writeline = partial(write_line, f.write)
size = tables.version_size[version] * scale + (2 * quiet_zone * scale)
# Write common header
writeline('%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0')
writeline('%%Creator: PyQRCode <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyQRCode/>')
writeline('%%CreationDate: {0}'.format(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")))
writeline('%%DocumentData: Clean7Bit')
writeline('%%BoundingBox: 0 0 {0} {0}'.format(size))
# Write the shortcuts
writeline('/M { moveto } bind def')
writeline('/m { rmoveto } bind def')
writeline('/l { rlineto } bind def')
mod_color = module_color if module_color == (0, 0, 0) else rgb_to_floats(module_color)
if background is not None:
writeline('{0:f} {1:f} {2:f} setrgbcolor clippath fill'
.format(*rgb_to_floats(background)))
if mod_color == (0, 0, 0):
# Reset RGB color back to black iff module color is black
# In case module color != black set the module RGB color later
writeline('0 0 0 setrgbcolor')
if mod_color != (0, 0, 0):
writeline('{0:f} {1:f} {2:f} setrgbcolor'.format(*mod_color))
if scale != 1:
writeline('{0} {0} scale'.format(scale))
writeline('newpath')
# Current pen position y-axis
# Note: 0, 0 = lower left corner in PS coordinate system
y = tables.version_size[version] + quiet_zone + .5 # .5 = linewidth / 2
last_bit = 1
# Loop through each row of the code
for row in code:
offset = 0 # Set x-offset of the pen
length = 0
y -= 1 # Move pen along y-axis
coord = '{0} {1} M'.format(quiet_zone, y) # Move pen to initial pos
for bit in row:
if bit != last_bit:
if length:
coord += line(offset, length)
offset = 0
length = 0
last_bit = bit
if bit == 1:
length += 1
else:
offset += 1
if length:
coord += line(offset, length)
writeline(coord)
writeline('stroke')
writeline('%%EOF')
if autoclose:
f.close()
def _hex_to_rgb(color):
"""\
Helper function to convert a color provided in hexadecimal format
as RGB triple.
"""
if color[0] == '#':
color = color[1:]
if len(color) == 3:
color = color[0] * 2 + color[1] * 2 + color[2] * 2
if len(color) != 6:
raise ValueError('Input #{0} is not in #RRGGBB format'.format(color))
return [int(n, 16) for n in (color[:2], color[2:4], color[4:])]