#include "sasl.h"
/*
print_hex is used for debug
it displays the string buf hexa values of size len
*/
int print_hex(unsigned char *buf, int len) {
int i;
int n;
for (i = 0, n = 0; i < len; i++) {
if (n > 7) {
printf("\n");
n = 0;
}
printf("0x%02x, ", buf[i]);
n++;
}
printf("\n");
return (0);
}
/*
RFC 4013: SASLprep: Stringprep Profile for User Names and Passwords
code based on gsasl_saslprep from GSASL project
*/
int sasl_saslprep(const char *in, sasl_saslprep_flags flags, char **out) {
#if LIBIDN
int rc;
rc = stringprep_profile(in, out, "SASLprep", (flags & SASL_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED) ? STRINGPREP_NO_UNASSIGNED : 0);
if (rc != STRINGPREP_OK) {
*out = NULL;
return -1;
}
#if defined HAVE_PR29_H
if (pr29_8z(*out) != PR29_SUCCESS) {
free(*out);
*out = NULL;
return -1;
}
#endif
#else
size_t i, inlen = strlen(in);
for (i = 0; i < inlen; i++) {
if (in[i] & 0x80) {
*out = NULL;
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Can't convert UTF-8, you should install libidn\n");
return -1;
}
}
*out = malloc(inlen + 1);
if (!*out) {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Can't allocate memory\n");
return -1;
}
strcpy(*out, in);
#endif
return 0;
}
/*
RFC 4616: The PLAIN Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism
sasl_plain computes the plain authentication from strings login and password
and stored the value in variable result
the first parameter result must be able to hold at least 255 bytes!
*/
void sasl_plain(char *result, char *login, char *pass) {
char *preplogin;
char *preppasswd;
int rc = sasl_saslprep(login, SASL_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED, &preplogin);
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
free(preplogin);
result = NULL;
return;
}
if (2 * strlen(preplogin) + 3 + strlen(preppasswd) < 180) {
strcpy(result, preplogin);
strcpy(result + strlen(preplogin) + 1, preplogin);
strcpy(result + 2 * strlen(preplogin) + 2, preppasswd);
hydra_tobase64((unsigned char *) result, strlen(preplogin) * 2 + strlen(preppasswd) + 2, 250);
}
free(preplogin);
free(preppasswd);
}
#ifdef LIBOPENSSLNEW
/*
RFC 2195: IMAP/POP AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response
sasl_cram_md5 computes the cram-md5 authentication from password string
and the challenge sent by the server, and stored the value in variable
result
the parameter result must be able to hold at least 100 bytes!
*/
void sasl_cram_md5(char *result, char *pass, char *challenge) {
char ipad[64];
char opad[64];
unsigned char md5_raw[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
MD5_CTX md5c;
int i, rc;
char *preppasswd;
if (challenge == NULL) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
memset(ipad, 0, sizeof(ipad));
memset(opad, 0, sizeof(opad));
if (strlen(preppasswd) >= 64) {
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, preppasswd, strlen(preppasswd));
MD5_Final(md5_raw, &md5c);
memcpy(ipad, md5_raw, MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH);
memcpy(opad, md5_raw, MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH);
} else {
strcpy(ipad, preppasswd); // safe
strcpy(opad, preppasswd); // safe
}
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
ipad[i] ^= 0x36;
opad[i] ^= 0x5c;
}
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, ipad, 64);
MD5_Update(&md5c, challenge, strlen(challenge));
MD5_Final(md5_raw, &md5c);
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, opad, 64);
MD5_Update(&md5c, md5_raw, MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH);
MD5_Final(md5_raw, &md5c);
for (i = 0; i < MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(result, "%02x", md5_raw[i]);
result += 2;
}
free(preppasswd);
}
/*
sasl_cram_sha1 computes the cram-sha1 authentication from password string
and the challenge sent by the server, and stored the value in variable
result
the parameter result must be able to hold at least 100 bytes!
*/
void sasl_cram_sha1(char *result, char *pass, char *challenge) {
char ipad[64];
char opad[64];
unsigned char sha1_raw[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
SHA_CTX shac;
int i, rc;
char *preppasswd;
if (challenge == NULL) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
memset(ipad, 0, sizeof(ipad));
memset(opad, 0, sizeof(opad));
if (strlen(preppasswd) >= 64) {
SHA1_Init(&shac);
SHA1_Update(&shac, preppasswd, strlen(preppasswd));
SHA1_Final(sha1_raw, &shac);
memcpy(ipad, sha1_raw, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH);
memcpy(opad, sha1_raw, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH);
} else {
strcpy(ipad, preppasswd); // safe
strcpy(opad, preppasswd); // safe
}
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
ipad[i] ^= 0x36;
opad[i] ^= 0x5c;
}
SHA1_Init(&shac);
SHA1_Update(&shac, ipad, 64);
SHA1_Update(&shac, challenge, strlen(challenge));
SHA1_Final(sha1_raw, &shac);
SHA1_Init(&shac);
SHA1_Update(&shac, opad, 64);
SHA1_Update(&shac, sha1_raw, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH);
SHA1_Final(sha1_raw, &shac);
for (i = 0; i < SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(result, "%02x", sha1_raw[i]);
result += 2;
}
free(preppasswd);
}
/*
sasl_cram_sha256 computes the cram-sha256 authentication from password string
and the challenge sent by the server, and stored the value in variable
result
the parameter result must be able to hold at least 100 bytes!
*/
void sasl_cram_sha256(char *result, char *pass, char *challenge) {
char ipad[64];
char opad[64];
unsigned char sha256_raw[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
SHA256_CTX sha256c;
int i, rc;
char *preppasswd;
if (challenge == NULL) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
memset(ipad, 0, sizeof(ipad));
memset(opad, 0, sizeof(opad));
rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
if (strlen(preppasswd) >= 64) {
SHA256_Init(&sha256c);
SHA256_Update(&sha256c, preppasswd, strlen(preppasswd));
SHA256_Final(sha256_raw, &sha256c);
memcpy(ipad, sha256_raw, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
memcpy(opad, sha256_raw, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
} else {
strcpy(ipad, preppasswd); // safe
strcpy(opad, preppasswd); // safe
}
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
ipad[i] ^= 0x36;
opad[i] ^= 0x5c;
}
SHA256_Init(&sha256c);
SHA256_Update(&sha256c, ipad, 64);
SHA256_Update(&sha256c, challenge, strlen(challenge));
SHA256_Final(sha256_raw, &sha256c);
SHA256_Init(&sha256c);
SHA256_Update(&sha256c, opad, 64);
SHA256_Update(&sha256c, sha256_raw, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
SHA256_Final(sha256_raw, &sha256c);
for (i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(result, "%02x", sha256_raw[i]);
result += 2;
}
free(preppasswd);
}
/*
RFC 2831: Using Digest Authentication as a SASL Mechanism
the parameter result must be able to hold at least 500 bytes!!
*/
void sasl_digest_md5(char *result, char *login, char *pass, char *buffer, char *miscptr, char *type, char *webtarget, int webport, char *header) {
char *pbuffer = NULL;
int array_size = 10;
unsigned char response[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
char *array[array_size];
char buffer2[500], buffer3[500], nonce[200], realm[50], algo[20];
int i = 0, ind = 0, lastpos = 0, currentpos = 0, intq = 0, auth_find = 0;
MD5_CTX md5c;
char *preplogin;
char *preppasswd;
int rc = sasl_saslprep(login, SASL_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED, &preplogin);
memset(realm, 0, sizeof(realm));
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
free(preplogin);
result = NULL;
return;
}
//DEBUG S: nonce="HB3HGAk+hxKpijy/ichq7Wob3Zo17LPM9rr4kMX7xRM=",realm="tida",qop="auth",maxbuf=4096,charset=utf-8,algorithm=md5-sess
//DEBUG S: nonce="1Mr6c8WjOd/x5r8GUnGeQIRNUtOVtItu3kQOGAmsZfM=",realm="test.com",qop="auth,auth-int,auth-conf",cipher="rc4-40,rc4-56,rc4,des,3des",maxbuf=4096,charset=utf-8,algorithm=md5-sess
//warning some not well configured xmpp server is sending no realm
//DEBUG S: nonce="3448160828",qop="auth",charset=utf-8,algorithm=md5-sess
pbuffer = buffer;
do {
currentpos++;
if (pbuffer[0] == '"') {
if (intq == 0)
intq = 1;
else {
intq = 0;
}
}
if ((pbuffer[0] == ',') && (intq == 0)) {
array[ind] = malloc(currentpos);
strncpy(array[ind], buffer + lastpos, currentpos - 1);
array[ind][currentpos - 1] = '\0';
ind++;
lastpos += currentpos;
currentpos = 0;
}
pbuffer++;
} while ((pbuffer[0] != '\0') && (pbuffer[0] > 31) && (ind < array_size));
//save the latest one
array[ind] = malloc(currentpos + 1);
strncpy(array[ind], buffer + lastpos, currentpos);
array[ind][currentpos] = '\0';
ind++;
for (i = 0; i < ind; i++) {
//removing space chars between comma separated value if any
while ((array[i] != NULL) && (array[i][0] == ' ')) {
char *tmp=strdup(array[i]);
memset(array[i], 0, sizeof(array[i]));
strcpy(array[i], tmp + 1);
free(tmp);
}
if (strstr(array[i], "nonce=") != NULL) {
//check if it contains double-quote
if (strstr(array[i], "\"") != NULL) {
//assume last char is also a double-quote
int nonce_string_len = strlen(array[i]) - strlen("nonce=\"") - 1;
if ((nonce_string_len > 0) && (nonce_string_len <= sizeof(nonce) - 1)) {
strncpy(nonce, strstr(array[i], "nonce=") + strlen("nonce=") + 1, nonce_string_len);
nonce[nonce_string_len] = '\0';
} else {
int j;
for (j = 0; j < ind; j++)
if (array[j] != NULL)
free(array[j]);
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: DIGEST-MD5 nonce from server could not be extracted\n");
result = NULL;
return;
}
} else {
strncpy(nonce, strstr(array[i], "nonce=") + strlen("nonce="), sizeof(nonce) - 1);
nonce[sizeof(nonce) - 1] = '\0';
}
}
if (strstr(array[i], "realm=") != NULL) {
if (strstr(array[i], "\"") != NULL) {
//assume last char is also a double-quote
int realm_string_len = strlen(array[i]) - strlen("realm=\"") - 1;
if ((realm_string_len > 0) && (realm_string_len <= sizeof(realm) - 1)) {
strncpy(realm, strstr(array[i], "realm=") + strlen("realm=") + 1, realm_string_len);
realm[realm_string_len] = '\0';
} else {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < ind; i++)
if (array[i] != NULL)
free(array[i]);
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: DIGEST-MD5 realm from server could not be extracted\n");
result = NULL;
return;
}
} else {
strncpy(realm, strstr(array[i], "realm=") + strlen("realm="), sizeof(realm) - 1);
realm[sizeof(realm) - 1] = '\0';
}
}
if (strstr(array[i], "qop=") != NULL) {
/*
The value "auth" indicates authentication; the value "auth-int" indicates
authentication with integrity protection; the value "auth-conf"
indicates authentication with integrity protection and encryption.
*/
auth_find = 1;
if ((strstr(array[i], "\"auth\"") == NULL) && (strstr(array[i], "\"auth,") == NULL) && (strstr(array[i], ",auth\"") == NULL)) {
int j;
for (j = 0; j < ind; j++)
if (array[j] != NULL)
free(array[j]);
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: DIGEST-MD5 quality of protection only authentication is not supported by server\n");
result = NULL;
return;
}
}
if (strstr(array[i], "algorithm=") != NULL) {
if (strstr(array[i], "\"") != NULL) {
//assume last char is also a double-quote
int algo_string_len = strlen(array[i]) - strlen("algorithm=\"") - 1;
if ((algo_string_len > 0) && (algo_string_len <= sizeof(algo) - 1)) {
strncpy(algo, strstr(array[i], "algorithm=") + strlen("algorithm=") + 1, algo_string_len);
algo[algo_string_len] = '\0';
} else {
int j;
for (j = 0; j < ind; j++)
if (array[j] != NULL)
free(array[j]);
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: DIGEST-MD5 algorithm from server could not be extracted\n");
result = NULL;
return;
}
} else {
strncpy(algo, strstr(array[i], "algorithm=") + strlen("algorithm="), sizeof(algo) - 1);
algo[sizeof(algo) - 1] = '\0';
}
if ((strstr(algo, "MD5") == NULL) && (strstr(algo, "md5") == NULL)) {
int j;
for (j = 0; j < ind; j++)
if (array[j] != NULL)
free(array[j]);
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: DIGEST-MD5 algorithm not based on md5, based on %s\n", algo);
result = NULL;
return;
}
}
free(array[i]);
array[i] = NULL;
}
if (!strlen(algo)) {
//assuming by default algo is MD5
memset(algo, 0, sizeof(algo));
strcpy(algo, "MD5");
}
//xmpp case, some xmpp server is not sending the realm so we have to set it up
if ((strlen(realm)==0) && (strstr(type, "xmpp") != NULL))
snprintf(realm, sizeof(realm), "%s", miscptr);
//compute ha1
//support for algo = MD5
snprintf(buffer, 500, "%s:%s:%s", preplogin, realm, preppasswd);
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, buffer, strlen(buffer));
MD5_Final(response, &md5c);
//for MD5-sess
if (strstr(algo, "5-sess") != NULL) {
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
memcpy(buffer, response, sizeof(response));
sprintf(buffer + sizeof(response), ":%s:%s", nonce, "hydra");
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, buffer, strlen(buffer));
MD5_Final(response, &md5c);
}
pbuffer = buffer3;
for (i = 0; i < MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(pbuffer, "%02x", response[i]);
pbuffer += 2;
}
//compute ha2
//proxy case
if (strstr(type, "proxy") != NULL)
sprintf(buffer, "%s:%s", "HEAD", miscptr);
else
//http case
if ((strstr(type, "GET") != NULL) || (strstr(type, "HEAD") != NULL))
sprintf(buffer, "%s:%s", type, miscptr);
else
//sip case
if (strstr(type, "sip") != NULL)
sprintf(buffer, "REGISTER:%s:%s", type, miscptr);
else
//others
sprintf(buffer, "AUTHENTICATE:%s/%s", type, realm);
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, buffer, strlen(buffer));
MD5_Final(response, &md5c);
pbuffer = buffer2;
for (i = 0; i < MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(pbuffer, "%02x", response[i]);
pbuffer += 2;
}
//compute response
if (!auth_find)
snprintf(buffer, 500, "%s:%s", nonce, buffer2);
else
snprintf(buffer, 500, "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s", nonce, "00000001", "hydra", "auth", buffer2);
MD5_Init(&md5c);
MD5_Update(&md5c, buffer3, strlen(buffer3));
MD5_Update(&md5c, ":", 1);
MD5_Update(&md5c, buffer, strlen(buffer));
MD5_Final(response, &md5c);
pbuffer = buffer;
for (i = 0; i < MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH; i++) {
sprintf(pbuffer, "%02x", response[i]);
pbuffer += 2;
}
//create the auth response
if (strstr(type, "proxy") != NULL) {
snprintf(result, 500,
"HEAD %s HTTP/1.0\r\n%sProxy-Authorization: Digest username=\"%s\", realm=\"%s\", response=\"%s\", nonce=\"%s\", cnonce=\"hydra\", nc=00000001, algorithm=%s, qop=auth, uri=\"%s\"\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (Hydra)\r\n%s\r\n",
miscptr, webtarget, preplogin, realm, buffer, nonce, algo, miscptr, header);
} else {
if ((strstr(type, "imap") != NULL) || (strstr(type, "pop") != NULL) || (strstr(type, "smtp") != NULL) ||
(strstr(type, "ldap") != NULL) || (strstr(type, "xmpp") != NULL) || (strstr(type, "nntp") != NULL)) {
snprintf(result, 500, "username=\"%s\",realm=\"%s\",nonce=\"%s\",cnonce=\"hydra\",nc=00000001,algorithm=%s,qop=\"auth\",digest-uri=\"%s/%s\",response=%s", preplogin, realm,
nonce, algo, type, realm, buffer);
} else {
if (strstr(type, "sip") != NULL) {
snprintf(result, 500, "username=\"%s\",realm=\"%s\",nonce=\"%s\",uri=\"%s:%s\",response=%s", preplogin, realm, nonce, type, realm, buffer);
} else {
if (use_proxy == 1 && proxy_authentication != NULL)
snprintf(result, 500,
"%s http://%s:%d%s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\nAuthorization: Digest username=\"%s\", realm=\"%s\", response=\"%s\", nonce=\"%s\", cnonce=\"hydra\", nc=00000001, algorithm=%s, qop=auth, uri=\"%s\"\r\nProxy-Authorization: Basic %s\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (Hydra)\r\n%s\r\n",
type, webtarget, webport, miscptr, webtarget, preplogin, realm, buffer, nonce, algo, miscptr, proxy_authentication, header);
else {
if (use_proxy == 1)
snprintf(result, 500,
"%s http://%s:%d%s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\nAuthorization: Digest username=\"%s\", realm=\"%s\", response=\"%s\", nonce=\"%s\", cnonce=\"hydra\", nc=00000001, algorithm=%s, qop=auth, uri=\"%s\"\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (Hydra)\r\n%s\r\n",
type, webtarget, webport, miscptr, webtarget, preplogin, realm, buffer, nonce, algo, miscptr, header);
else
snprintf(result, 500,
"%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\nAuthorization: Digest username=\"%s\", realm=\"%s\", response=\"%s\", nonce=\"%s\", cnonce=\"hydra\", nc=00000001, algorithm=%s, qop=auth, uri=\"%s\"\r\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (Hydra)\r\n%s\r\n",
type, miscptr, webtarget, preplogin, realm, buffer, nonce, algo, miscptr, header);
}
}
}
}
free(preplogin);
free(preppasswd);
}
/*
RFC 5802: Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism
Note: SCRAM is a client-first SASL mechanism
I want to thx Simon Josefsson for his public server test,
and my girlfriend that let me work on that 2 whole nights ;)
clientfirstmessagebare must be at least 500 bytes in size!
*/
void sasl_scram_sha1(char *result, char *pass, char *clientfirstmessagebare, char *serverfirstmessage) {
int saltlen = 0;
int iter = 4096;
char *salt, *nonce, *ic;
unsigned int resultlen = 0;
char clientfinalmessagewithoutproof[200];
char buffer[500];
unsigned char SaltedPassword[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
unsigned char ClientKey[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
unsigned char StoredKey[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
unsigned char ClientSignature[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
char AuthMessage[1024];
char ClientProof[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
unsigned char clientproof_b64[50];
char *preppasswd;
int rc = sasl_saslprep(pass, 0, &preppasswd);
if (rc) {
result = NULL;
return;
}
/*client-final-message */
if (verbose)
hydra_report(stderr, "DEBUG S: %s\n", serverfirstmessage);
//r=hydra28Bo7kduPpAZLzhRQiLxc8Y9tiwgw+yP,s=ldDgevctH+Kg7b8RnnA3qA==,i=4096
if (strstr(serverfirstmessage, "r=") == NULL) {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Can't understand server message\n");
free(preppasswd);
result = NULL;
return;
}
strncpy(buffer, serverfirstmessage, sizeof(buffer) - 1);
buffer[sizeof(buffer) - 1] = '\0';
nonce = strtok(buffer, ",");
//continue to search from the previous successful call
salt = strtok(NULL, ",");
ic = strtok(NULL, ",");
iter = atoi(ic + 2);
if (iter == 0) {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Can't understand server response\n");
free(preppasswd);
result = NULL;
return;
}
if ((nonce != NULL) && (strlen(nonce) > 2))
snprintf(clientfinalmessagewithoutproof, sizeof(clientfinalmessagewithoutproof), "c=biws,%s", nonce);
else {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Could not identify server nonce value\n");
free(preppasswd);
result = NULL;
return;
}
if ((salt != NULL) && (strlen(salt) > 2))
//s=ghgIAfLl1+yUy/Xl1WD5Tw== remove the header s=
strcpy(buffer, salt + 2);
else {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Could not identify server salt value\n");
free(preppasswd);
result = NULL;
return;
}
/* SaltedPassword := Hi(Normalize(password), salt, i) */
saltlen = from64tobits((char *) salt, buffer);
if (PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(preppasswd, strlen(preppasswd), (unsigned char *) salt, saltlen, iter, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH, SaltedPassword) != 1) {
hydra_report(stderr, "Error: Failed to generate PBKDF2\n");
free(preppasswd);
result = NULL;
return;
}
/* ClientKey := HMAC(SaltedPassword, "Client Key") */
#define CLIENT_KEY "Client Key"
HMAC(EVP_sha1(), SaltedPassword, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH, (const unsigned char *) CLIENT_KEY, strlen(CLIENT_KEY), ClientKey, &resultlen);
/* StoredKey := H(ClientKey) */
SHA1((const unsigned char *) ClientKey, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH, StoredKey);
/* ClientSignature := HMAC(StoredKey, AuthMessage) */
snprintf(AuthMessage, 500, "%s,%s,%s", clientfirstmessagebare, serverfirstmessage, clientfinalmessagewithoutproof);
HMAC(EVP_sha1(), StoredKey, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH, (const unsigned char *) AuthMessage, strlen(AuthMessage), ClientSignature, &resultlen);
/* ClientProof := ClientKey XOR ClientSignature */
xor(ClientProof, (char *) ClientKey, (char *) ClientSignature, 20);
to64frombits(clientproof_b64, (const unsigned char *) ClientProof, 20);
snprintf(result, 500, "%s,p=%s", clientfinalmessagewithoutproof, clientproof_b64);
if (verbose)
hydra_report(stderr, "DEBUG C: %s\n", result);
free(preppasswd);
}
#endif
